Sunday, 24 June 2012

Digital Madness: Has there been a full moon this week? Server not found! Really!? Murphy’s Law: Revised for the New Digital Age of E-learning.

My blog says: “Server not found!”

What has happened to the server?

What server can’t be found?

The rest of my internet is working!






It seems like my technological nightmare never ends. After a week of digital hell, that has negatively impacted not just my E-learning, but also my stress levels, it seems like I have been thrown yet one more challenge.

Why does this happen just as I go online to edit my blog and get it ready for final presentation? Will these digital problems never end?  

Murphy’s Law: Revised for the New Digital Age of E-learning.

Here is the short list of how I have been impacted in just one week by Murphy’s law, “What can go wrong, will go wrong!"
  • Our neighbourhood internet went down, on a night I had scheduled to do E-learning.
  •  My computer crashed two days before I was scheduled to do my online presentation.
  • The loaner computer had Internet connectivity problems and operating system stability issues.
  • The local power went off just as I had scheduled time to try to re-create references that had been lost when my computer crashed. 
  • The external web cam I was lent for my presentation seemed to be recognized by the loaner computer, but failed to work within the Adobe Connect environment. 
  • My uploaded PPT Adobe Connect presentation was transformed into something out of a nightmare.
  • Where is WYSIWYG when you need it? Adobe Connect needs this. 
  • Many of my slides had nothing but black lines on them and other slides had serious formatting challenges. Do you know what this slide says? The slide below show an example of what my PPT presentation looked like online in one version.

  •  I logged into Adobe Connect as “Test” to test my PPT slides, then I couldn’t log back in as anything other than Test. Was it you Rory who said, you were going to “call a Red Alert because we had an intruder named ‘Test’ on the system?” 
  • After I uploaded the presentation I couldn’t re-open it, because on my computer I could only visibly see in the scroll section about 10 presentations that had been previously uploaded by others into the Adobe Connect system, but just my luck those 10 alphabetically organized presentations were ones that had been labelled with a name that starts with a letter near the end of the alphabet. My presentation started with “A” for Accessibility of E-Learning. This wasn’t the same for all students. Michael said he saw presentations in alphabetical order starting with A. I renamed my file Z-Accessibility of E-learning and uploaded it yet again, to be able to open it during the online class. 
  • While presenting the uploaded PPT presentation, it took on a mind of its own and started changing slides all my itself. Help?! Runaway presentation alert. Thanks Michael for reloading the presentation several times so I could try to continue to focus on presenting. 
  •  I have also had challenges with cell phone systems not working due to cellular connectivity challenges on campus, making group work hard. 

And now...this is the final straw!

  • Today just when I planned to edit and polish off my blog project, I can’t get into the blog. Why? The server is down? What?!? The rest of my Internet is working. How many problems can go wrong in one week? 

Does Murphy’s Law of Digital E-Learning ever end?

As I reflect on what I have learned about digital issues in education, here is what I think. On the one hand, E-learning offers inspiring new options that can capitalize on many new Web 2.0 tools and engage students in wonderful new ways of retrieving information and sharing their knowledge. On the other hand, it is not just accessibility issues that can get in the way of students and teachers effectively using these E-learning tools.

The list above illustrates just how many different ways E-learning in a digital age can go wrong. Such digital challenges may interact with accessibility challenges for students with disabilities to make the problems even worse. For example, if a student who uses Kurzweil as a type of AT has a computer crash, it is unlikely that a friend will be able to loan them a computer that has Kurzweil installed. Kurzweil is $1400 and allows a limited number of installations, so reloading it on a computer that does not belong to you is also not a viable option. If campuses have loaner laptops for students, do the laptops have AT loaded?

As I also reflect on the topic of this blog: Digital Technology: Education, Career, and DisAbility, I worry about how so many technological malfunctions will affect the mental health of our students. I know that I had to call upon every psychological and social resource I had in order to cope with so many technological challenges in such a short period of time, especially at a critically sensitive time period. How will students with diagnosed mental health challenges cope with so many unpredictable stressors coming at them at times of academic pressure? The Ministry of College and Universities (2008) reported there have been big increases in the number of students with disabilities on university campuses, especially between the 2003-2004 academic year and the 2007-2008 academic year. In particular, in Ontario, the number of students with psychiatric diagnoses has increased from 1,736 students in 2003-2004 to 3,966 students in 2007-2008. In other words, the number of students with diagnosed psychiatric disabilities has more than doubled in just 4 short years.

Most students benefit from being able to be proactive planners in their educational journey. They also benefit from having accessibility, on all levels, to the academic resources and E-learning systems they are using. When documents and systems are not only inaccessible, but also operate inconsistently or not at all, especially at peak periods of academic pressure, how will this impact student mental health? How will such problems impact students who may already have diagnosed mental health challenges?   

Asuncion, Fichten, and Wolforth , J. (2006) reported that 44% of the Canadian postsecondary students with disabilities that they surveyed had more than one disability. Having multiple disabilities may serve to augment the challenges. The pie chart graphically illustrates the proportions of different disability sub-categories within Ontario universities in 2007-2008 with the corresponding student numbers presented within each slice of the pie.  Underneath each of these 2007-2008 numbers are bracketed numbers which represent the comparison numbers for each disability sub-type from the 2003-2004 academic term, five years earlier. The number of students with disabilities in higher education seems to be growing in all disability sub-categories.

ADHD: 1, 751 (570), LD: 5,546 (4,703): Psychiatric Diagnoses: 3,966 (1,736); Acquired Brain Injury: 348 (181); All Other: 348 (181)
: Disability Sub-Categories as Proportions of Total Number of University Students with Disabilities in 2007-2008 (compared to 2003-2004 numbers shown in brackets) (MTCU, 2008)
         

In a age when there is so much at stake for students to be successful in higher education, having so many possible sources for technological and digital challenges that can interfere with proactive planning may be too much for many students to withstand, not just students with disabilities who may already encounter numerous other accessibility issues. So teachers beware, employing E-learning has potential for inspiring augmented learning outcomes, but it also has potential to create chaos and student stress.

More work is needed to guide educators and policy makers in how to create more stable and accessible learning environments. Students need to know where to turn when they experience technological or accessibility challenges. They also have to have quick turnaround times and accessible back-up options. Obtaining a higher education is important to future career opportunities for students. Ensuring that E-learning is accessible is not only important, it is now written in Ontario law.  More training, support, and research is needed into how to create not just accessible documents and web sites, but also accessible systems that will facilitate stable usability and decrease stress, not augment it.

References:


Asuncion, J., Fichten, C., & Wolforth , J. (2006, November).  College and university students with disabilities speak out on their eLearning experiences. Paper presented at the NEADS National Conference. Ottawa. Retrieved from    www.neads.ca/conference2006/powerpoint/adaptech_en.ppt


Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. (2008, November). Disabilities statistics at Ontario universities for discussion at IDIA.  Paper presented at the meeting of Inter-University Disability Issues Association, Toronto.

Friday, 15 June 2012

Be inspired by the classrooms of 21st century teachers and learners!

Be inspired by young 21st century learners. Universities watch out...these students are on their way.

Watch the three winning videos of the Mindshare 21st Century competition, posted at http://mindsharelearning.ca/videochallenge/ .

Be proud Canada! We are doing amazing work!

I was so touched and inspired by the way in which these teachers blended traditional learning with 21st century skills and tools. These classrooms use Smart Boards, smart phones, Web 2.0 tools, assistive technology, and numerous other technological tools. The students talk about how they look forward to coming to school, being engaged, and learning skills to problem solve and feel more competent and confident that they will be successful in their future.

One teacher discussed his “paradigm shift”. He admitted that initially, he did not even want a laptop, let alone a Smart Board in his classroom, but that he eventually realized that today’s students are so intertwined with technology that they require a whole new set of 21st century skills to survive. Thus, he shifted his views to believe that teachers needed to incorporate 21st century skills and tools into their classrooms. I was amazed at how these teachers found so many different ways to make learning meaningful, not just to the students, but also to society. Not only were the students in these 21st century classrooms engaged in many face-to-face collaborative, reflective, and critical thinking processes, something I was relieved to see, but they were also challenged to go one step further to share their learning digitally and to make a meaningful contributions to the world.

If this is what 21st century education is all about, our world will be transforming even more than I thought was possible before watching these videos. We are about to enter a whole new age filled with inspiring possibilities, involving students who can and will make significant differences in the world, even from a very early age. I am glad that I am still alive to see these inspiring transformational classrooms in action.

Importantly, I also want to thank Ron Owston and the students of EDUC5860 for exposing me to so much new learning. As a digital immigrant, I was unaware of how many new options there really were for our 21st century classrooms. Thanks to EDUC5860, my eyes have been open to a whole world of new possibilities.

I wonder...............................

Once our public school students are exposed to this kind of amazing, interactive and meaningful technology enhanced learning at a young age, I wonder how they will adapt to more traditional style university classrooms? Traditional higher education seems so boring in comparison. Importantly, however, it also hasn’t historically involved students in the many different ways that they can share their learning and make an immediate difference in their community.

Universities and colleges need to catch up in their thinking about how to engage 21st century students in meaningful higher education activities that not only will deepen student learning, but will also help students continue to make active and important differences in their communities. After watching the videos below, I realize there is so much more that institutions of higher education can do.  What do you think?  What do you think are the most effective ways to engage postsecondary students?

Go to: http://mindsharelearning.ca/videochallenge/ to see these inspiring videos of the top three winning 21st century classrooms. You may prefer to use the video links I have embedded below. Watch the videos below and be inspired and amazed! I know I was.

  West coast winner:



Central Winner:



East Coast Winner

Who Has the Best Educational Blogs and Apps? See Contest Winners!

Today's 21st century teachers and learners are embracing new Web 2.0 options. Blogs are one tool they are using to share useful information. Check out the winners of the 2011 Edublog Awards, posted at http://edublogawards.com/announcing-the-2011-winners-congrats-to-all/. Many of these blogs discuss ideas that are helpful to all learners, but may be particularly helpful to students with disabilities. For example, Evernote was voted one of the best mobile Apps. Evernote allows people to store, organize, and retrieve information more easily. This App helps everyone, but may be particularly beneficial to students with memory difficulties, organizational challenges, and executive functioning deficits. Watch the video below:


Socrative is an App that "empowers teachers to engage their classrooms through a series of educational exercises and games via smartphones, laptops, and tablets" (socrative.com, para 1). See the video demonstration of how to use Socrative in the classroom at their website, socrative.com.

Some students with disabilities, as well as students without disabilities, need more hands-on activity. The use of Socrative also allows for this. Importantly, Socrative also has features that enable the teacher to easily assess how confident students are about their comprehension. This might be particularly useful for students with cognitive disabilities who, through Socrative, can anonymously reveal how well they think they are understanding the classroom lesson.

The table below was embedded from the google doc presented at: http://edublogawards.com/announcing-the-2011-winners-congrats-to-all/. Check out the different blogs to see what is possible.  Do you have a favourite educational blog?  If your favourite blog is not on the list below, what is it?  What is it about your favourite blog that you like so much?  Please use the comment section to reply.

Edublog Awards Winners 2011





.
Best new blog

.
Tech With Intention428http://techwithintent.com/
.
Speech Room News by Jenna Rayburn326http://speechroomnews.blogspot.com/
.
Klienspiration by Erin Klein291http://www.kleinspiration.com/
.
All 4 My Child202http://all4mychild.com/blog/
.
Drydent Art by Tricia Fuglestad119http://drydenart.weebly.com/fugleblog.html
.



.
Best class blogVotesLink
.
Mrs. Yollis' 3rd Grade Class Blog314http://yollisclassblog.blogspot.com
.
St. Wolstan's Transition Year Blog256http://stwolstansty.blogspot.com/
.
Mr. Buxton's 5th Grade Class SAS211http://mrbuxton.blogspot.com/
.
Mr. Salsich's Class204http://jmsalsich.edublogs.org/
.
2KM And 2KJ @ Leopold Primary School174http://2kmand2kj.global2.vic.edu.au/
.



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Best student blog VotesLink
.
Jaden's Blog610http://jadensawesomeblog.blogspot.com/
.
Miriam's Blog241http://victoria-miriamsmoments.blogspot.com/
.
Jake's Blog163http://mjgds.org/students/jakeg/
.
Jarrod's Blog147http://jarrodsblog.global2.vic.edu.au/
.
Gemma's Blog107http://gemmaccs11.edublogs.org
.



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Best teacher blog VotesLink
.
Brunswick Acres Art Blog665http://baart.weebly.com/
.
allatc343http://allatc.wordpress.com/
.
Teacher Tom315http://teachertomsblog.blogspot.com/
.
Ms Mac's Website185http://kmcfadzen.wordpress.com/
.
In search of Scientific Creativity155http://problemfinding.labanca.net/
.



.
Best librarian / library blogVotesLink
.
Try Curiosity!136http://www.trycuriosity.com/
.
Bulldog Readers Blog134http://bellbulldogreaders.edublogs.org/
.
The Daring Librarian121http://www.thedaringlibrarian.com/
.
Never Ending Search114http://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/neverendingsearch
.
A Media Specialist's Guide to the Internet101http://mediaspecialistsguide.blogspot.com/
.



.
Best school administrator blogVotesLink
.
A Principal's Reflections192http://esheninger.blogspot.com/
.
Burlington High School Principal's Blog121http://www.patrickmlarkin.com/
.
Darcy Moore's Blog111http://darcymoore.net/
.
This and That41http://jcastelhanothisandthat.blogspot.com/
.
The Principal of Change39http://georgecouros.ca/blog/
.



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Best group blogVotesLink
.
Our World, Our Stories324http://ourworldourstories.edublogs.org/
.
The Teaching Palette244http://theteachingpalette.com/
.
Teaching Blog Addict187http://www.teachingblogaddict.com/
.
Irresistible Ideas for Play Based Learning176http://www.playbasedlearning.com.au/
.
Leading Notes149http://leadingnotes.org/
.



.
Best mobile appVotesLink
.
Mastery Connect191http://www.masteryconnect.com/
.
ABCDay138http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/abcday-read-write-play-sing/id467036687?mt=8
.
Socrative40http://www.socrative.com/
.
Dropbox30http://www.dropbox.com/
.
Evernote27http://evernote.com/
.



.
Best free web toolVotesLink
.
ClustrMaps276http://clustrmaps.com/
.
Glogster123http://edu.glogster.com/
.
Edmodo92http://www.edmodo.com/
.
ClassDojo91http://www.classdojo.com/
.
Socrative78http://www.socrative.com/
.



.
Best ed tech / resource blogVotesLink
.
Free Technology for Teachers386http://www.freetech4teachers.com/
.
Cindy L. Meester's Blog233http://meesterc.wordpress.com/
.
Speech Techie205http://www.speechtechie.com/
.
I'm a teacher, get me OUTSIDE here!186http://creativestarlearning.blogspot.com/
.
Irresistible Ideas for Play Based Learning111http://www.playbasedlearning.com.au/
.



.
Most influential blog postVotesLink
.
Linda Yollis200http://yollisclassblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/learning-how-to-comment.html
.
Thomas "Teacher Tom" Hobson199http://teachertomsblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/spoiled-brats.html
.
Janet Lansbury184http://www.janetlansbury.com/2011/08/the-secrets-of-infant-learning/
.
Michelle Moloney-King117http://teachermoloneyking.com/2011/07/thinking-outside-box.html
.
Vicky Loras97http://vickyloras.wordpress.com/2011/10/09/blog-challenge-whats-your-story/
.
Angela Maiers97http://www.angelamaiers.com/2011/09/you-matter-two-world-changing-words.html
.



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Best educational wikiVotesLink
.
ICTmagic341http://ictmagic.wikispaces.com/
.
Resources for History Teachers269http://resourcesforhistoryteachers.wikispaces.com
.
iPad in Education261http://palmbeachschooltalk.com/groups/ipadpilot/
.
Art Online Studio187http://ibart.wetpaint.com/
.
Mr Hanson's Online Classroom169http://mrhanson.pbworks.com/
.



.
Best open PD / webinar seriesVotesLink
.
Simple K12 webinars133http://simplek12.com/tlc/webinars/
.
Global Education Conference104http://globaleducation.ning.com/page/2011-conference
.
Early Childhood Investigations Webinars87http://www.earlychildhoodwebinars.org/
.
TL Virtual Cafe!82http://tlvirtualcafe.wikispaces.com/
.
Australia Series Webinars65http://australiaseries.wordpress.com/
.



.
Best hashtagVotesLink
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#tlchat99
.
#edchatie93
.
#edchat83
.
#artsed67
.
#SLPeeps65
.



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Best individual tweeterVotesLink
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web20classroom107http://twitter.com/#!/web20classroom
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coolcatteacher95https://twitter.com/#!/coolcatteacher
.
tucksoon90https://twitter.com/#!/tucksoon
.
fboss89http://twitter.com/fboss
.
DebChitwood89http://twitter.com/DebChitwood
.



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Best use of a social networkVotesLink
.
Making Curriculum Pop156http://mcpopmb.ning.com/
.
English Companion Ning146http://englishcompanion.ning.com/
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Teach Preschool137http://www.facebook.com/Teachpreschool?ref=ts
.
Art Education 2.0106http://arted20.ning.com/
.
#sschat & #sschat Ning106http://sschat.ning.com/
.



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Best use of audio / video / podcastVotesLink
.
Interactive Biology571http://www.interactive-biology.com/
.
Film English356http://film-english.com/
.
Mr Avery's Classroom Blog130http://mravery.edublogs.org/
.
Dryden Art125http://drydenart.weebly.com/
.
The Compendium Blog of The A.T.TIPSCAST120http://attipscast.wordpress.com/
.



.
Best Individual blogVotesLink
.
Kieran Donaghy - Film English420http://film-english.com/
.
Thomas Hobson - Teacher Tom259http://teachertomsblog.blogspot.com/
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Jenny Kable - Let the Children Play198http://progressiveearlychildhoodeducation.blogspot.com/
.
Deborah Stewart - Teach Preschool157http://www.teachpreschool.org/
.
Richard Byrne - Free Technology for Teachers153http://freetech4teachers.com/
.



.
Lifetime AchievementVotesLink
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Joyce Valenza212http://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/neverendingsearch
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Linda Yollis125http://yollisclassblog.blogspot.com/
.
Steve Hargadon78http://www.stevehargadon.com/
.
Vanessa Levin70http://www.pre-kpages.com/
.
Vicki Davis70http://coolcatteacher.blogspot.com/

Paradox: Articles that talk about accessibility of E-Text are not accessible



This post is about this article and the paradox that lies within:

Anderson-Inman, L., & Horney, M. (2007). Supported eText: Assistive technology through text transformations. Reading Research Quarterly , 42 (1), 153-160, Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/stable/i388094 [Note:  For those who can’t access York University’s Library, this article has a stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4151710]

This is a very interesting article that asks educators and producers of E-Text materials to think about  ways to create and incorporate E-text that augment student comprehension and learning. Anderson-Inman and Horney’s ideas have been incorporated into a typology of resources for supported E-text promoted by the “National Center for Supported eText (NCSeT), a five-year national research center at the University of Oregon funded by the U.S.Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs” (p. 154)

NCSeT's The typology is described in Figure 1 below which was taken directly from the article. Here is the irony.  The formatting of Figure 1 (about accessibility factors to consider when using E-text ) makes Figure 1 inaccessible and somewhat incomprehensible.
Print screen capture of figure 1 in the article by Anderson-Inman and  Horney (2007)
Print screen capture of Figure 1 in Anderson-Inman and Horney 2007, p. 154

Just in case you can’t read Figure 1 due to problems with it's size and poor contrast of text to background colour, here is what it says. The first resource in column one  is called Presentational. The description of Presentational presented in column two reads  “Enables the text and accompanying  graphics to be presented in varying ways, hence customizable to meet the needs of individual readers” (p.  154).  Column 3 provides the following examples: “Font size and style, text and background color, line and page length, page layout, and juxtaposition with other pages, graphics in relationship to text” (p. 154).  Clearly, the publisher of this article did not take into consideration the Presentational aspects discussed in Figure 1. 

Moreover, if  a reader is using text-to-speech software, the text would be incomprehensible. Due to improper formatting of the table, this is how the text in the table would be entered into the text-to-speech software: “Presentational  Enables the text and accompanying  graphics to be pre-  Font size and style, text and background color, line and sented in varying ways, hence customizable to meet the  page length, page layout and juxtaposition with other needs of individual readers  pages, graphics in relationship to text”.  Would you know what that means?   

Listen to what this sounds like on the free speech reader, Vozme: http://vozme.com/speech/en-ml/ad/ad13daa6a88548efd57f2534de459973.mp3 . Is this comprehensible to you?  Please note, that the voice on Vozme is not that nice.   There are better voices on other free text-to-speech readers.  Personally, I don't mind the voices that come with the free version of Natural Soft Reader.  Higher quality text-to-speech software and voices can be purchased and customized to meet reader preferences.  Nevertheless, if the text that is entered into the reader wasn't optimized for text-to-speech, no matter how high quality the voices, the text-to-speech reader will sound like gibberish.


Anderson-Inman and Horney (2007) say:

“In spite of its inherent possibilities, electronic text by itself is rather limited in its usefulness to readers and learners. In order to really take advantage of its potential as an assistive technology, an electronic reading environment that intelligently transforms text into something that supports comprehension and extends meaningful learning is required. This is accomplished in a variety of ways, including embedded supports (e.g., definitions of unfamiliar terms), multiple modalities (e.g., text that can be read out loud), and links to useful resources (e.g., background information, concept map, notepad) -- all of which can transform electronic text so that it is more accessible and supportive to diverse learners. We refer to text that has been altered to increase access and provide support to learners as supported electronic  text or supported eText” (Anderson-Inman and Horney, 2007, p. 153).

Now, Anderson-Inman  and Horney (2007) need to ensure that what they preach  (which is excellent) is actually put into practice!

Please use the comment section below to let me know what your experience has been with the accessibility of documents that you create and  use.

Thanking you for your comments in advance,

Jayne


E-text and Mobile Learning: Reflection



The App "Speak It! Text To Speech" is one of a growing number of mobile Apps that helps students access their learning while they are busy and mobile.  Although the reviews of this application located in the iPhone App store vary dramatically, this is what one graduate student, Essentiae, has to say about how she uses this App.

Her heading is: "I can't believe how much I love this app!...""
I'm a graduate student in a reading-intensive program and have been using this app to help me keep up with all different kinds of readings: I copy articles from my instapaper or my rss reader and listen while walking to and from the office. I copy OCR's academic readings into it (I usually email the text to myself from a PDF on my desktop) and listen to them while doing chores and errands so as to increase my familiarity with them. I have it read long papers that I've written back to me as a method of proofreading them when my eyes are no longer picking up subtle stylistic quirks.  This app has really improved the way I work.   There is no shortage of ways to use it..." (Essentiae, 2011, September).

Essentiae's use of this App reveals an interesting way for graduate students to keep up with a large volume of readings and other academic tasks. "Speak-It: Text-to-Speech" would also be a great tool for certain students with disabilities, such as those with vision problems or text processing disabilities.  

However, for students, disabled or not, to make maximum use of text-to-speech tools such as "Speak-It: Text-to-Speech, creators of documents (in formats such as  PDFs, Microsoft Word, and others) need to create their documents with accessibility in mind. If documents are not optimized for accessibility, then text-to-speech software, whether it is the mobile or desk-top version, will not be able to read these documents.  In some cases, the documents won't be able to be read at all.  In other cases, the text may come out as gibberish.   See my  blog post  entitled "Paradox: Articles that talk about accessibility of E-Text are not accessible!"  for an example of one PDF that wasn't optimized for readability.  There you will have an opportunity to read the gibberish that results when text-to-speech readers read documents that are not optimized for accessibility.

Importantly, creating accessible documents is a human rights principle that is now embedded in the laws of many countries. With more and more students utilizing mobile text-to-speech Apps, optimizing documents for accessibility is a practice that has value for all users, not just students with disabilities.  


What is your favourite educational mobile App?  Why do you like it?

Tuesday, 22 May 2012

Google Apps and Curriculum Tools: My Head is Spinning



After class on May 7th about Google Apps and curriculum tools, my head was spinning.  So many great options!!!  How do we keep them straight and incorporate them effectively? How do we manage passwords?

Any and all ideas welcome!

Monday, 21 May 2012

Is assistive technology really helpful to students with learning disabilities? How do we know?

“Assistive technology (AT)...refers to any technology (commercial, modified, or customized) that can assist, increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities” (Holmes & Silvestri, 2012, p. 82).


This blog post summarizes and reflects on the findings of Holmes and Silvestri (2012)  regarding whether or not AT is effective for postsecondary students with learning disabilities.

Article:

Holmes, A., & Silvestri, R. (2012). Assistive technology use by students with LD in postsecondary education: A case of application before investigation? Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 27, 81-97.



Article Summary:

Holmes and Silvestri  (2012) reviewed the research literature regarding the efficacy of AT in assisting postsecondary students (PSS) with learning disabilities (LD).  Unfortunately, they were only able to unearth limited research.  Importantly, the research they found consisted of studies that were mainly “qualitative, single subject, and nonexperimental” (p. 87), rather than positivistically based, empirical studies that used control groups.  In addition, they discovered that the AT research is largely atheoretical, as are the recommendations made by disability service providers about AT for PSS with LD.

Studies reveal conflicting AT benefits for different users. Disturbingly, they noted that the use of AT in some users actually diminishes their academic performance, even though AT may enhance the performance of others.  For example, they refer to studies that suggest that text-to-speech software may actually reduce the reading effectiveness of students with working memory challenges, whereas it can benefit students with phonological decoding problems.

Holmes and Silvestri contend that AT is often recommended based on broad, untested assumptions made  by psychologists and disability service personnel who are often untrained in AT.  They provide reference to three important models of AT assessment.  Importantly, they assert that attention needs to be placed on studying the efficacy of AT in relationship to the underlying processing deficits of PSS with LD. They also caution psychologists not to recommend specific brands of AT such as Kurzweil, but rather to recommend certain categories of technology, such as text to speech software.  In addition, they suggest psychologists add caveats to their recommendations that allude to the need for final decisions about the efficacy of AT to be made on a trial and error, case-by-case, situational basis.

They note that there is a high abandonment rate of AT by users.  They provide many reasons for this, including the lack of proper training in the use of this technology. Holmes and Silvestri offer many excellent suggestions regarding topics related to AT and PSS with LD that merit further research.

Reflections:

Although I agree that more research is needed, as is more training for disability service personnel, Holmes and Silvestri seem to underrate the value of qualitative research.  Case studies and qualitative data can also be of great value in understanding the efficacy of AT.

Videos related to students with disabilities who use AT attest to the value of AT in assisting them to access their education.  For example, watch these videos:

Computers and people with LD

Working Together: People with Disabilities and Computer Technology

Below, one York graduate talks about the value of AT and other strategies in her educational and work success.

I welcome your comments and experience in using AT with PSS with LD.

Wired Campus

Inside Higher Ed

Campus Technology: All Articles